5. An open letter. Why Sanballat changed from oral messages to a written document is not made clear. A written message may have appeared more official, and thus presumably more effective. The letter was probably written on a sheet of papyrus, a writing material commonly in use at that time in Palestine. Such a letter was ordinarily rolled up and the two ends of the roll folded back toward the middle. A string was then tied around the roll and a clay seal affixed to the knot so that it could not be opened without breaking the seal. The outside usually bore the address. To send an open letter accusing an officer of the Persian crown not only violated the laws of courtesy but was highly offensive. An “open letter” invited all to read its contents, and the object in sending it unsealed must have been to create alarm among the Jews and to incite them against Nehemiah. Compare the conduct of Sennacherib’s ambassadors (2 Kings 18:27-36).